Where do borers typically cause the most damage?

Borers typically cause the most damage in living cells just under the bark of trees and woody plants. This region is crucial for the plant's overall health, as it includes the cambium, the layer responsible for the growth of new tissues. When borers penetrate this layer, they disrupt the flow of nutrients and water between the roots and the leaves, which can lead to decline in health, stunted growth, or even the death of the plant.

In contrast, the other options represent areas where borers do not generally inflict significant damage. For instance, while the soil may contain various pests, borers are specifically known for their activity within the plant tissue itself. The plant surface may experience damage from other pests or environmental factors, but it is not the primary area of impact for borers. Lastly, while the root system is essential for nutrient uptake, it is typically not the focus of borer activity, as they prefer to tunnel into the more vulnerable living tissues just beneath the bark.